Human Resources Development (HRD) - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2697 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? HRD Executive summary HRD is about developing the skills and understanding needed for planning and designing training and development, through the understanding of how people learn and the suitability of different training methods and initiatives. MS developed a promotional campaign that emphases on values of innovation by providing good customer services to look after customers. Table of Content Page Introduction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.3-3 Task 1: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..3-6 Task 2: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..7-11 Task 3: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..11-14 Task 4: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..15-22 Conclusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦22-22 Reference à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢ â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.23-25 Introduction The achievement of sustained and equitable development remains the greatest challenge facing the human race. Although, the developments of the last three decades also indicate that while remarkable progress has been made in a number of directions, the fruits of development have not benefited the worlds growing number of poor people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human Resources Development (HRD)" essay for you Create order However, this report will emphasis more in detail from task one to task four; including conclusion and reference. AC1.1 Different kinds of learning styles exist, which are as follows- Auditory. Visual. Kinaesthetic. In the case of MS; each of these learning styles is different and has its own character attached to its management levels as considered below: Auditory learners are good at listening to learning material and this has a higher impact on all learning styles. Sound understanding may be selective in nature, with some sounds being easier to follow than others. The visual learners generally listen to learning material and a lot depends on graphics, picture and also types of presentation. Charts and also graphs may be seen as easier forms of learning and it is easier for them to follow that. Kinaesthetic learners have their learning based on experience. This is one of the best techniques which use hands on learning experience. Also, it may be seen that stationary learning may not be possible in their case, and they tend to move around (Baker et al., 2005). AC1.2 Learning curve is a method used in the learning process and also helps in augmenting experience. The learning can be explained on the y-axis part and experience can be done as a part of x-axis. Its main function is optimization of all learning processes in a company. Marks and Spencer can use it in controlling all learning processes and making them more suited to all needs of an organization. Incremental learning can be controlled by using this method, and also helps in making decisions. The data and all other components may be optimized by using this method, and also helps in choosing the parameters and models. Transfer of learning is one of the major methods used in this process; while some of the necessary factors in this part are as follows- There is a transfer of knowledge which helps in increase of diffusion among different groups. Culture based on knowledge is developed in an organization, which also plays a part in acceleration of knowledge. Productivity in the organization becomes better and also increases at a more rampant rate, making it easier for processes to take place. The POS (Perceived Organizational Support) increases to a large extent by using this mechanism (Cropanzano et al., 2001). AC1.3 The learning styles as well as theories can be of different kinds, and can be used in modulation of different kinds of learning systems. David A. Kolbs is based on methods that are related to experiential learning. So, two methods of learning can be followed in this case, which are as follows- Concrete Experience Abstract Conceptualization If transforming experience is seen, the example is as follows- Reflective Observation. Active Experimentation. All of these styles of learning have to be put in its place, for making it more holistic in nature and also its use. Matching learning styles can be developed for required people. David Kolbà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Experiential Learning Model (ELM) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Concrete Experience à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" Active Experimentation Reflective Observation à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Abstract Conceptualization à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  The elements of this model are as follows- Concerts. Things to do. Discovery method. Sets of objectives as well as schedules. Adaptable Converger Analogies Specific problems Tests hypothesis Best answer Working alone Problem solving VARK model Another method that is used for categorization is called as VARK model. Some of the main elements of this are- visual learners; auditory learners; reading-writing preference learners; Kinaesthetic learnersortactile learners. So, each of these techniques may be used in accordance to needs and also other accompanying process parameters (Cropanzano et al., 2001). AC2.1 The training needs of the staff at different levels would vary depending on quantum of jobs being made available. The training need of the staff has to be calibrated to organizational needs and ensure that adequate degree of knowledge transfer takes place. Succession has to be managed among different members, which also designs and decides the success or failure of organizations. Development of staff has to take place in congruence with levels of hierarchy. Some of them are as follows- The A level of managers that have 24 months of training. The university level ones, who have a training period of 12 months from time of joining. People having experience in retail industry have to train for 3 months. Marks and Spencer has to allow this kind of training to take place and make it available to all individuals Competency mapping is another area that is intrinsic to management, which is related to business and technical needs. Identification of gaps can be done by using this method and helps in fulfilling organizational needs. So, some of the aspects in this regard are leadership, business training and also other needs (Baker et al., 2005). AC2.2 Marks and Spencers generally follow an in-house method of training program. Also, it maintains a higher level of homogenous nature in all of its training aspects. Some of the advantages and also disadvantages as seen in the method are as follows- Advantages- Costs are saved in the training program. The cost savings come from varies avenues ranging from the facilities being used to other places. External influences during the process of training are lesser, making it easier for training to function. Costs of travelling are saved during this method. Fuel prices are rising at a rapid rate, and using these methods de complicates training. A higher amount of focus can be achieved on training programs making it more economical. Examples form working scenario can be taken, which also matches organizational culture. Disadvantages Administration has to be extra, which has an impact on the resource allocation of a company. Delegates have a high amount of pressure, and cannot be taken off from classrooms on need. The session may not be taken with the requisite levels of seriousness. The training material being used may become obsolete. Opportunities for networking may be quite less, and this may not allow learning to happen from one to another. Best practices may not be set up for ensuring that markets are made better, this also means that companies do not get a chance to improve (Cropanzano et al., 2001). TASK AC3.1 Marks and Spencers needs to have a system for the training program, and the following steps may be followed- TNA (Training Needs Analysis) has to be done as the first step. It helps in identification of needs that come as a part of the training process. Format and procedure needs to be followed during training, so that competency is maintained. So, work management mechanism has to be put in place. Design of training process is the next step that has to be followed, so that all deliverables are maintained for function to take place. Development is the next step, so that all designs are converted into material for training. This may include the lesson plans, and all other activities. The very next stage is putting the plan into practice, so effectiveness of all the raining needs is ensured by this step and mechanism. The next step of this process is ensuring that evaluation takes place. So, the outcomes being set at the beginning of any process has to be put in place, and it also ensures that process of training is followed in right earnest. The last part of this process is feedback from total process. This ensures that all process parameters are maintained and adequate responsibilities are put in perspective. If any changes are required in any of the parts, this may be done so as to ensure that all major points are achieved, as outlined in the beginning(Cropanzano et al., 2001). TASK 03 AC3.1 METHODOLOGY OF TRAINING The training evaluation can be done in a number of ways, which can be mentioned as following- Observation All skills can be performed in an easy way. The language type can be non-verbal in nature and used for provision of information. Interview Opinions can be voiced by using this opportunity. Verbal kind of response as well as non-verbal responses can be seen and modulated. Performance appraisal Discussion of performance can be done in an easy way. A new broad based discussion can be done on areas of improvement. Self-evaluation There is a scope for identification of strength as well as weaknesses. Performance of all individuals is reflected. Cost benefit analysis Program costs are identified. Viability of financial analysis can be done Questionnaire Time can be saved. Nature of usage is economical. These are the areas of training that are based on participants, area of the training used, specifications of trainer and other generic parameters(Cropanzano et al., 2001). AC3.2 Analysis of any of the training events can be done in a number of ways. They differ according to some points, also if the raining is technical, differences may crop up. Some major points are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This is dependent on content of training program as well as activities involved in it. The feedback given by the participants and also trainer in terms of effectiveness. The change in knowledge of all participants based on involvement. The resultant changes that take place in a workshop, due to the nature of resources being used. TNA (Training Needs Analysis) is the starting point for all training needs and it serves as an initial point for training to take place. The basic premise and needs for raining is established before the start of it, and it plays an important part in raining process (Cropanzano et al., 2001). AC3.3 Methods of evaluation that are used can be eventually checked, one example of this process is called as peer review. Employees are used in this process for evaluation. But, none of these may be used for giving any kind of promotions, discipline or provision of bonuses. Productivity and satisfaction of workers can also rise because of this. But, it has to have a certain level of acceptance attached to it, in the case of either the creation or doing the evaluation. Self-evaluations This is one of the other methods that is used in evaluation, and can be also used as an honest means of analysis. Here, the manager has to guide the process. Setting of goals is another method used for objective setting. Also, parameters can be created for evaluation of judging the process (Cropanzano et al., 2001). TASK 04 AC4.1 Learning is an area in which the government has to play a large role, so that market competency is maintained fully. So, this also means that employee engagement has to be increased. Training is an areas where government can play a major role, so it also makes learning much better. Learning can be used as means for reducing unemployment, and also maintains the economy in a high state. So, either there can be skilled or competitive labour. So, challenges are faced by policy makers for setting various roles, various kinds of labour and also government. So, main points for assistance are as follows- Assistance for training needs and process. Facilitation of training. Infrastructure allotment to all major players UK government has to ensure that all of these needs are addressed by ensuring confidence of stakeholders. So, areas of action are as follows- Offering of tax breaks to employers for investing in skills related to welfare of all sections. Greater access has to be provided for all learning avenues. Funding has to be made easier by reducing the red tape that surrounds it. Development of skills among all young people. Labour market has to be tapped and controlled for ensuring that all changes are monitored. Learning processes need to be accelerated (Pearce, 2000). AC4.2 Competency movement has been a great impact on all aspects of private and public life. This has played a part in fostering linkages between the competencies that are organization based, core competencies and competencies related to jobs. Control of all executives, organizational effectiveness and all other related functions also play a part in it. Some of the major aspects of this method are as follows- A differentiation can be made between the attributes ad behaviours that are different among top performers and others, which involve the low level performers. Practical kinds of observations and the ones based on validation of all desired kinds of results. A description of different kinds of skills, attitudes, behaviours and attitudes that can be linked to performance, career development and pay. Results and models that help in research can be aligned. Reliable model and their validation. Competency can be used as model that is also used as driving approach and also helps in deriving strategic success in all organizations. Approach is driven by competency as a major factor. Comprehensive models must be used by all companies. All the output has to be reliable and seen from a technical perspective. So, these are the impact areas of competency movement (Frese, 2001). AC4.3 The UK government has to form an approach on the appropriate initiatives which are totally based on the premise of training as well as development. An approach to CR (Corporate responsibility) has been developed where all the activities are based on welfare of labour force. So, this is an important part in the development process of all initiatives. So, all initiatives are based on the fact that they are driven by principles, driven by stakeholders and also based on development. So, a large number of frameworks are used which are as follows- UN Global Reporting Initiative Global Compact International Integrated Reporting Council draft framework And, Consumer Good Forum Sustainability Activation Toolkit. Also, there are frameworks for sustainability in business called as Communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporate Responsibility Index and sector based plans called as British Retail Consortiumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Better Retailing Climateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ being put in place. Defraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Environmental Reporting Guidelines is also generally published by the UK government and is useful in drafting of the governance code. ISO 14000 environmental management series, EMAS, BSI Public Available Specifications, ISO50001 on energy management, ISO 26000 on sustainability, OHSAS8001 on health safety, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Investors in Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and NVQ accreditation in case of SA8000 compliance, which are used as certificates for sustainability. There is also presence of other certifications, which has an inclusion of mandatory label of energy as well as voluntary based schemes. So, these also cover the environmental impacts of different systems. So, voluntar y schemes covering all areas of performance based on environment such as EU Eco-label, and organic etc), recyclability (UK on Pack Recycling Label scheme), nutrition values and also measure based on sustainability. So, these are examples of some of the initiatives by government which would help companies like Mark and Spencer (Frese, 2001). REFERENCES Pearce, J.L., Henderson, G.R. 2000. Understanding acts of betrayal: Implications for industrial and organizational psychology. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 15: 165-188. Frese, M., Fay, D. 2001, Personal initiative: An active performance concept for work in the 21st century. Research in Organizational Behaviour, 23, 133-188. Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D.E., Mohler, C.J., Schminke, M. 2001. Three roads to organizational justice. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 20: 1-114. Resources Management, 20: 331-370. Arshanapalli, Bala, T. Daniel Coggin, and William Nelson, 2001, Is fixed-weight asset allocation really better, Journal of Portfolio Management 27, 27- 38. Artzner, Philippe, Freddy Delbaen, Jean-Marc Eber, and David Heath, 1999, Coherent Measures of Risk, Mathematical Finance 9, 203-228. Baker, August J., Dennis E. Logue, and Jack S. Rader, 2005. Managing Pension and Retirement Plans: A Guide for Employers, Admin istrators, and Other Fiduciaries (Oxford University Press, New York). Pinder, C., Harlos, K. 2001 Employee silence: Quiescence and acquiescence: A review of the literature from a stakeholder perspective. Research in Personnel and Human Page 1 of 14

Should Gun Control Be Regulated During The United States

Kevin Lane Professor Burger-Weiser First Year Writing 1 May 2015 Eliminating Assault Rifles Gun control is a frequently debated topic in the United States. It is often defined as any sort of law or regulation that restricts or forbids the use, the sale, or ownership of a firearm. People argue that because the constitution allows citizens the right to bear arms, that citizens should be allowed to carry weapons, however, this is often taken out of context. The Second Amendment says that citizens have the right to bear arms in an organized militia, â€Å"A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed† (US Const. amend. II, section 8). Over the last few years, there have been many events that sparked additional debate about gun control. Numerous school shootings demonstrate that weapons need to be regulated and controlled. Although one reason given for promoting gun rights is personal protection, assault rifles have been used to commit mass murders, not protect. In today’s world violence is a huge issue, terrorist attacks and school shootings have made safety an even bigger concern for many people. Some people argue that people should be able to own a gun for safety purposes; but why should a citizen be able to own an assault rifle, a weapon more powerful than the weapons we give our police officers? It has been argued that the horrible events of the Colorado movie theater shooting inShow MoreRelatedGun Rights - Right Or Wrong? . 28Th March 2017, Us History1534 Words   |  7 PagesGun Rights - Right or Wrong? 28th March 2017, US history I (R) block-3, Mr Hill Gun control is a major part of American Politics. One problem in the gun control discussion is if the people should have the right to â€Å"Conceal-and-carry† weapons with them all the time.The Founding Fathers saw owning a gun   as a means to protect against tyrannical rule. America’s foundation was built with firearms. Ever since America’s freedom from Britain, American’s have been enthralled with firearms. A part of ourRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control1210 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment should not be involved in gun control. The second amendment to the United state s constitution says A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Is this not enough can the bill of rights say this anymore clear. Many might state that the way this statement is worded is the point of debate and it should be interpreted differently. This is the root of all the hot debate over gun control. DoesRead MoreThe Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution has ten amendments in the first part. The 2nd amendment in the Bill of Rights is The Right to Keep and Bear Arms. The 2nd amendment The Right to Keep and Bear Arms states that â€Å"A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed† (USConstitution). The 2nd second amendment allows any United States citizen to own any type of arm. It allows you to be armedRead MoreGun Control And The Amendment Of The American Constitution851 Words   |  4 Pages The ever existing debate on whether or not American citizens should keep and exercise their right to arm and themselves against tyranny, as it says so within the Second Amendment of the Constitution. While there are those who advocate to keep their guns for safety reasons, there are American citizens who believe guns should be regulated, recorded, and controlled overall within the United States of America, to ensure that certain tragedies, such as school shootings and robberies, do notRead MoreEssay on A Well Regulated Militia by Saul Cornell1495 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States is a country that has problems with gun control, and this issue has many debates between whether or not people should be allowed to carry a gun on them. This free county not only for speech and religion, but also allows people to have the right to bear arms. The Second Amendment of the United States was written by our Founding Fathers,â€Å"A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed† (Government)Read MoreTaking a Look at Gun Control1263 Words   |  5 PagesGun control is one of the most controversial topics in our country. There are two main views. The first is the view as it is said in the United States Constitution, they guns should be legal for civilian ownership. The second view, and the severity of its enforcement varies from person to person, it that gun control should be enacted. This could just mean smaller magazines, to no semi-automatic guns, or even to a complete ban. 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Gun control is a debate fueled by the recent shootings of Colombine, Sandy Hook, Marysville Pilchuck, and the recent shooting at a social center. Gun control is a proposal to ban or further restrict gun laws, gun control has been put in place in many other countries such as Canada, The United Kingdom, AustraliaRead MoreThe Constitutional Right Of The Second Amendment1714 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious parts of the United States, all of which bring up the highly volatile topic of gun control. Unlike many other wealthy countries, such as the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, and Australia, where gun ownership is strictly regulated, by in large-the US has very little universal gun control laws throughout the nation. This great controversy is based on the Constitutional right of the Second Amendment, stating, â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right ofRead MoreThe Problem Of Gun Control881 Words   |  4 Pagesof gun problem in the United States The ownership of firearm became legally in United States since their second amendment of the constitution enacted in 1791. It seems a symbol of the right to freedom, however, it has also brought a great convenience to criminals. The gun shooting accident are repeatedly happening in United States each year and lots of innocent people get hurt. What more serious is, the number of such tragedies are continuing increase. Many people living in the United States are

Formation a Contract between Agro Builders Engages Ego Architects

Question: Discuss Legal Principles Applicable With The Hierarchy Of Contract Documentation? Answer: Introduction Its very obvious that a construction project will vary either with a significant variation or with a slight change. The best thing is that the parties involved may talk to each other and agree on the extent to which a variation should be accommodated. This also brings another effect to the entire contract. Sometimes, the variation may be written, other times it may be oral. This paper will be a discussion of some of the problems that occur after the commencement of the project regarding variation. In particular, the paper will look at a case between Agro builder and Ego Architect. Formation of a Contract between Agro Builders engages Ego Architects The main question is whether there was an actual formation of a contract. In the law of contract, the key components of an enforceable agreement are offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, and intention to creation a legal relation.[1] In determining whether there was an enforceable agreement between Agro builders and Ego architect, this paper shall examine these elements. For one, there was an offer. The requirements for a valid offer are that an offer should be communicated to the offeree, and it should be definite.[2] Agro made an offer to Ego architects requesting it to create drawings for the project. For the rules of acceptance, the law states that acceptance should be communicated in a clear manner.[3] Eventually, there was still acceptance since Ego architects accepted the offer. A valid contract should also have a legal consideration. The House of Lords described the rules of consideration stating that it's "price that one to a contract pays for the promise or the perfor mance of the other party.[4] Regarding this test, their agreement passes that test since Agro was paying Ego in three states and Ego accepted the consideration described above. Additionally, an intention to create a legal relation is seen within this case. For one, the agreement was in writing, plus the fact that the parties were in a business contest. The rule that parties should have an intention to create legal relation doesnt bring difficulties in a commercial contest. In most cases, the court will presume that the parties wanted to create a legal relation.[5] This comment brings a clear indication that there was a valid contract. After formation of a contract, the law requires that each party to perform as it had promised. So Ego was supposed to act as per the terms illustrated in the contract. Also, in construction law, if one party to construction contract fails to do its part, the other party can also be discharged from its obligations. With this concern, Ego didnt perform as required by the contract, hence Agro rejected the drawings. One point to note is that even though Agro had approved the drawings, it had the right to disapprove them as far as the work was not in progress. Nevertheless, its well clear that Courts will not generally make the contract for the parties. It is for the parties to make their contract and they must express their agreement in a form that is sufficiently certain for the courts to be able to enforce it.[6] In this notion, if parties go back and decide to vary their contract, the new contract becomes as enforceable as the old one, and the older terms become extinct. Additionally, there is acceptance by conduct. This happened when Agro Builders used the drawings. It impliedly accepted them in the construction, meaning that they were valid for that purpose. Its conducts showed that it accepted them and it was supposed to act in good faith as it had demonstrated while accepting the drawings. Modification of a Written Contract by a Subsequent Oral Agreement In this question, the parties had agreed in writing, but later when defect arose with the drawings, they agreed orally to use the new drawings. Its normal for a construction contract to vary. After all, circumstances may cause parties to have a partly written and partly oral contract. In most cases, these type contracts happen where a party writes to the other, and then the other one expressly agrees to the terms. Also, it goes on in a construction contract where the parties vary the contract to suit the variation of the job. When two or more parties enter into a written agreement, the presumption is that the agreement is a full expression of the parties respective rights and obligations unless it is shown not to be the case. Strong evidence will generally be required before oral terms will be found to be introduced into a written contract [7] The court doesnt struggle in finding substantial evidence for affirming oral changes. Significantly, the court may decide to look for partial performance. For example, the court ruled that Udevco should pay Wagner because the developer had established an express oral waiver which Wagner relied on upon while performing the extra work.[8] To clarify, Udevcor had orally requested the Wagner to modify the framing of the cabinet and doors because they didn't match original design, and hence could not fit the prefabricated roof trusses did not fit. When Wegner did as requested, Udevcor withheld the payments disputing that an oral agreement could not modify the contract.[9] The second concept for substantial evidence that the court can use is the ground of inducement. In the cases where a party to a written agreement has induced another's to make oral changes, and that party acts in reliance upon that misrepresentation, the first party may be estopped from benefiting from such misrepresentation.[10] Also, the court can recognize evidence of oral changes from the examination of the conduct of the parties. Where there is a conflict of terms of the parties in a contract, the court rules that the last terms will prevail. In other words, where A issues its terms and B replies with its terms, the contract would be ruled by the terms of the last party. Note that this only happens when parties start performing before they agree on the terms.[11] This simply means that if both parties were mistaken on which terms prevailed, it definitely the terms of the oral variation. In the examination of these principles, its very clear that Agro accepted the drawings since it invited Ego to change the written contract. If this was an inducement, the contract is still valid. Also, the conducts of the parties is a real proof that they acted according to oral terms. That is, they used Egos drawings in the construction. Legal Principles Applicable with the Hierarchy of Contract Documentation Its obvious that construction projects will continue to hold series of papers. Byrne stated that construction disputes "involve consideration of an enormous number of documents and due to the availability of modern computerized techniques for document management means that there is now no incentive to limit the number of these documents deployed at trial.[12] These documents contain crucial construction information and provisions. However, the more documents they are, the higher the chances of conflicting information. The best thing is that construction professionals have found a way for dealing with this predicament. The most common technique is including a clause to handle such disputes in future. To emphasize on that, the clause may state that if there were any controversy with the documents, the contract would enumerate the entire hierarchy of documents.[13] At sometimes, these papers may be arranged in a hierarchical order and their layout will simply denote the order in which t he documents should be consulted in case of a dispute. On a traditional, fully designed project, the contract documents will normally include: Articles of Agreement together with the Conditions of Contract; contract drawings; bills of Quantities; specifications; information release schedules, if all design information has not yet been made available to the contractor; a list of tender adjustments or clarifications negotiated and agreed after the receipt of tenders and prior to the signing of the contract; the requirement for the contractor to provide any required bonds, warranties and guarantees. [14] Additionally, a contract can also include a clause addressing issues of ambiguities or discrepancies with the documents to the contract administrator; i.e. orders of precedence.'[15] Conversely, it's not a wonder that some contract will lack a provision for conflicts resolution on documents ambiguities. In that case, common law provides that the parties can also look at the wording of the contract to see the initial intention of the parties during the formation of the contract.[16] legal Effect of stamping the specifications approved on any future contractual position A standard construction project involves about four parties, the owner, engineer/architect, contractor, and the subcontractor. Among them, the engineer owes more duties than anyone else in the team. The engineer owes two duties to the owner. These are contractual obligations and the legal profession. It also owes the contractor legal professional duties. In general, the architects duty is to exercise its professional duties, where in the case of failure, it would be held liable for professional negligence. Denning LJ summarized the duties of the architect as; The law does not usually imply a warranty that [the professional man] will achieve the desired result, but only a term that he will use reasonable care and skill. The surgeon does not warrant that he will cure the patient. Nor does the solicitor warrant that he will win the case.[17] Nevertheless, the engineer does owe its obligations either impliedly or expressly within the contract. In most of the contracts, the supervising authority awarded to architect gives it a professional control. This control does not only come with privileges, but it also comes with liability to the architect in all the cases of the negligence. In particular, it's liable for errors caused by misinterpretation of the building documents and specifications. In construction projects, the effects of stamping specifications on the future of the contract lie in two concepts. For one, it has always been held that the engineer cannot go back once it has approved the work materials after the work starts. Also stamping documents implies acceptance of obligation. At other instances, the engineer has the duty to inform the owner of contractors mistakes.[18] Generally, the architects assume all the responsibilities after sealing the drawings and plans.[19] Furthermore, within the construction, the en gineer cannot change the contract to affect either the owner or the contractor.[20] Formulated Procedures for Avoiding Amendment Problems In the course of Construction Variation Management Almost every construction experience som variations. There are different causes of variations, but the most common one comes from omissions of important details in the specifications. At other times, they can result from the failure of the professionals to work in a workmanlike manner. When variation happens, it sometimes leads to scope-of-work disputes.[21] Also, variation can happen where the contract documents fail to adequately describe, define, or delineate the work to be performed. In countering these errors, the construction team can take more time in discussing the project. At the same time, they can revisit the site to carry out a feasibility check on the plans before drafting and signing the contract.[22] A significant number of variations in construction projects usually arise in the beginning during the examination of drawings of specifications. Sometimes its possible for the construction team to miss out specific data or information that leads to errors. There are some procedures that a construction manager can adopt to avoid variation. They can first make sure that the budget sufficiently covers the entire project. Another good technique of avoiding mistakes is that the engineer can ask another qualified engineer to review the specifications. Other thing that may help reduce the variations are; Providing adequate budget for drafting specifications. Work with a set of carefully prepared, coordinated front-end documents. Making sure that its only the engineer or architect with the authority to alter specifications as well as doing other editorial duties. Always using the same set of master specification documents for every job. Always keeping the master specification updated. As an architect or engineer, its good to make sure that you use the same set of front-end documents on all projects to minimize contract administration problems and to ensure that there has been no contractual variation in the owners risk posture. Dispute Resolution and Use of Experts Construction disputes differ in their subject matter, causes, and their complexity. Simple cases constitute payments of debts, while the complex ones involve data and factual differences. Simplistic disputes can use preventive ADR methods which are negotiation and mediation. These are usually applied as soon as the dispute arises. In negotiation, the parties talk between themselves, while in mediation the disputing parties get a third party who assists them but not to make a judgments or determination. Agro and Ego can employ these methods in their disputes. Other methods of ADR that they can use are conciliation and arbitration. Conciliation involves the call for a third party who helps the parties in evaluating the dispute and also actively aids them in reaching an agreement. Arbitration is a determinative method where the disputing parties get a third party who listens to both sides and determines a case. Expert determination is dispute resolution process where the third party with expertise in a particular field brings the disputing parties to an amicable decision.[23] In engineering or construction projects, disputing parties may use an expert determination to issue a valuation or of work completed. Experts assess the quality of work delivered, or determine other facts or legal issues in dispute. Expert determination is used to solve disputes, and its perceived as holding grand benefits over both litigation, and arbitration.[24] It can also serve well for settling Agro and Ego dispute. Claims in court depend with how well a party substantiates its case. Courts applications succeed depending on the amount of evidence that a party supplies. Without enough evidence, the court might be denied the power to issue a remedy even where the breach seems clear on open to the eyes of the complainant.[25] Even though that evidence is necessary, there are also limits set to the extent a court of can admits the evidence. The first rule that governs the evidence goes to the written document. The court states that every written document brought to the court will only be admitted if it was written during working hours. This rule calls for parties to bring written diaries that were filled during working hours. The next principle concerning the use of documents is that those providing evidence on the construction site should be made at the site. Thirdly, it is also recommended that the person who made the material at the site be available to bring his/her testimony in court. Lastly, the court would require the information in the document to have come from a credible source. In the case of Agro and Ego, Agro may bring the contract document to show how the terms that were agreed between the parties. It would also need to bring the daily work report to demonstrate how the work progressed. Telephone recordings also substantiate a claim magnificently, so it would be advisable for Agro to take them to court. In case there were tests undertaken at the construction site, it would also be necessary to bring them to court. Besides, the claim report should include the results and structure where test materials were installed. Finally, the parties should bring the copies of submittals and the date they were submitted if they were not submitted on the same day. Expert Witness and Shortcomings of Using Expert Witnesses: Before a court uses the assistance of expert witness, it must assess two main elements; " it must be agreed or demonstrated that there is a field of specialized knowledge; there must be an identified aspect of that field in which the witness demonstrates that by reason of specified training, study or experience, the witness has become an expert.[26] Secondly, The opinion which is given must be wholly or substantially based on the witnesss expert knowledge[27] There are lots of issues affiliated with expert witnesses. One is the lack of consensus where two expert witnesses have different opinions; this lead to rejection of witnesses.[28] This also brings another significant problem when one theory may be standard while the other is highly divergent from the prevailing technical view.[29] Additionally, there is a possible risk with too much involvement of an expert witness to a case. When that happens, they tend to become biased, and the court rejects their evidence. Finally, expert witnesses are costly, and the general public may be limited to acquiring them.[30] Requirement for a Claim under the Building Industry Security of payment Act (Victoria). In Victoria, Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 2002 is the current law that secures payments of people in a construction sector. Tom and Phillip stated that; The Victorian Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 2002 applies to construction contracts in respect of construction work in Victoria. Its object is to ensure that any person who undertakes to carry out construction work or ... to supply related goods and services under a contract is entitled to receive, and is able to recover, progress payments in relation to ... that work and the supplying of those goods and services (NSW Department of Commerce 2004).[31] Making a successful claim involves following the rules specified in the act. As an illustration, the law requires that each person claiming his/her payments should serve the claim to the respondent. The law also sets different dates of the claim. So with this, each claim should include the earliest date, which is the date that the claimant made the claim.[32] In addition, the claim should bear the latest date that the claim can be served.[33] This act allows the claimant to only claim the unpaid amount or the money due. Its a good point to note that one can only claim the money agreed in the contract. If the agreement doesn't mention the price, the claimant can do an estimation of the performed work and claim the expected price. The act explains various types of dates. In particular, there is the periodic progress payment, final payment or a single payment. Parties to a contract are free to define the reference date and the latest date. When it comes to a periodic progress, they should wait for three months after the reference date. Also, a periodic progress payment provides duration of not less than three months and one day before serving a payment claim. After making an application for a final payment, there should be no further claims. In making periodic progress claims, it's a good point to know that the claimant can't make a progress claim for contracts providing for a single payment. Also, the parties can agree on the contract to set the dates for making periodic claims. Where the contract doesnt provide for a date, the claim can be made after 20 business days from the date the work commenced. For a final payment claim, the act allows the contract to prescribe the dates for making a claim. If no date, then the contract should provide for a final certificate, with the earliest date being the date following the final claim. When it comes to final payment claim, the Act allows the parties to a construction contract to choose the dates for making a final payment claim. If the contract doesnt mention any date but it prescribes for a final certificate, the claimant can count the earliest date being the date following the final claim. Conclusion It's always essential to keep records of everything that happens in construction or building site. Keeping records enables people to avoid simple disputes that may lead to complex disputes if they are overlooked. This paper has examined at the formation of a construction contract, and different methods that can be employed to solve construction disputes. To sum it up, it's always advisable that parties to a contract can keep referring to their agreed terms to avoid any future liabilit References McKendrick E, Contract Law (5th edn, Oxford University Press 2014) Pillai R, Legal Aspects Of Business (5th edn, S Chand Co Ltd 2011) Emanuel, Steven, Contracts (Aspen Publishers, 9th ed, 2010) Bailey J, Construction Law (1st edn, Informa Law 2011) Dummies, Consumer, CPA Exam For Dummies (John Wiley Sons, 1st ed, 2014) Greenhalgh B, Introduction To Construction Contract Management (1st edn, Routledge 2016) Uher T and Davenport P, Fundamentals Of Building Contract Management (2Nd Edition) (2nd edn, University of NSW Press 2009) Rosen H and others, Construction Specifications Writing (6th edn, Wiley 2013) Loots P and Charrett D, Practical Guide To Engineering And Construction Contracts (1st edn, CCH Australia 2009) Pickavance K, Construction Law And Management (1st edn, Taylor and Francis 2013) William J Chambliss, Courts, Law, And Justice ( Sage 2011). Mannan S and Lees F, Lee's Loss Prevention In The Process Industries (Butterworth-Heinemann 2012) Byrne D, The Future of Litigation of Construction Law Disputes, Speech delivered at the Reception to Announce His Honours Appointment as the Patrol of the Construction Law Program (University of Melbourne, 5 September 2007) Halpin D and Senior B, Construction Management (4th edn, Wiley 2012Cases Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge Co Ltd[1915] UKHL 1 Tekdata Interconnections Ltd v Amphenol Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 1209 Udevco, Inc. v. Wagner, 678 P.2d 679, 100 Nev. 185 (1984). Nicholas Richard Whitlam v. Insurance Australia Group Limited (2005) NSWSC 83; 52 ACSR 470 Greaves Co (Contractors) Ltd v Baynham Meikle Partners [1975] 1 WLR 1095 Ambassador Baptist Church v. Seabreeze Heating Cooling Co., (Mich. Ct. App. 1970) 184 N.W.2d 568 William J Chambliss, Courts, Law, And Justice ( Sage 2011). Kerry, Inc. v. Angus Young Assocs., Inc., (Wis. Ct. App. 2005) 694 N.W.2d 407 Tomlinson v Ashland County [1919] 173 NW 300, 170 Wis 58 Heart Research Institute Ltd v Psiron Ltd [2002] NSWSC 646 Lines MacFarlane Marshall Pty Ltd v Fletcher Construction Australia Ltd (2000) VSC 358 Makita (Australia) Pty Ltd v Sprowles [2001] NSWCA 305; 52 NSWLR 705 Cordon Investments Pty Ltd v Lesdor Properties Pty Ltd (2010) NSWSC 1073